{"id":8178,"date":"2017-03-07T22:41:28","date_gmt":"2017-03-08T03:41:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/?p=8178"},"modified":"2017-03-08T17:50:06","modified_gmt":"2017-03-08T22:50:06","slug":"julia-lovell-the-cultural-revolution-on-trial-by-alexander-cook-review-a-sensational-moment-in-chinese-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/julia-lovell-the-cultural-revolution-on-trial-by-alexander-cook-review-a-sensational-moment-in-chinese-history","title":{"rendered":"Julia Lovell: The Cultural Revolution on Trial by Alexander Cook review \u2013 a sensational moment in Chinese history"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_8179\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8179\" class=\"wp-image-8179\" src=\"http:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan-1024x614.png\" alt=\"Yao Wenyuan\" width=\"480\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan-1024x614.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan-800x480.png 800w, https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/files\/2017\/03\/Yao-Wenyuan.png 1240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-8179\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Irrational premise \u2026 Yao Wenyuan, a writer and member of the Gang of Four, is tried in 1980. Photograph: Tang Likui\/AP<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"drop-cap__inner\">C<\/span>hina\u2019s civil society has suffered badly in the political crackdown of the last four years: journalists are stifled by ever-tightening constraints; intellectuals are nervous of even saying the president\u2019s name in company, for fear of being seen as denigrating the cult of <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-china-politics-xi-idUSKCN12S0AA\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">\u201cUncle Xi\u201d<\/span><\/a>. Above all, the Chinese Communist party (CCP) has rained down blows on the rule of law. Legal personnel have been held for months in \u201cblack\u201d prisons without access to counsel and been shackled, tortured, their family members harassed. On 14 January this year, China\u2019s chief justice aggressively emphasised that the law was subservient to party writ: \u201cWe should resolutely resist erroneous influence from the west: \u2018constitutional democracy\u2019, \u2018separation of powers\u2019 and \u2018independence of the judiciary\u2019. We must make clear our stand and dare to show the sword.\u201d<!--more--><\/p>\n<aside class=\"element element-pullquote element--supporting\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"pullquote-paragraph\">The trial was designed to terminate the politics-in-command lawlessness of Mao\u2019s Cultural Revolution<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/aside>\n<p>Intensifying party control over the judiciary is part of <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/xi-jinping\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">Xi Jinping<\/span><\/a>\u2019s resurrection of the values and practices of Maoist China. The roots of party domination over the law go back to the founding of the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, at which point the CCP began to empower itself \u2013 rather than an adversarial, independent judiciary \u2013 to define criminality, usually on the politicised grounds of \u201cclass identity\u201d. Mao\u2019s political campaigns \u2013 especially the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Great-Leap-Forward\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">Great Leap Forward<\/span><\/a> (1958-60) and the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_Revolution\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">Cultural Revolution<\/span><\/a> (1966-76) \u2013 smashed legal institutions and marginalised legal professionals.<\/p>\n<p>But in <em><span style=\"font-family: Thread-000025c8-Id-000000ba;\">The Cultural Revolution on Trial<\/span><\/em>, Alexander Cook chronicles an extraordinary potential turning point in the evolution of the law in the People\u2019s Republic. The most sensational legal process in the history of the PRC, the 1980 trial of the <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Gang-of-Four\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">Gang of Four<\/span><\/a> was designed to terminate the politics-in-command lawlessness of Mao\u2019s Cultural Revolution, and usher in Deng Xiaoping\u2019s vision of a modernised state devoted to rational economic construction. At this crux moment, communist China flirted with a drastic overhaul of its party-political legal system. Although the enterprise was ultimately stymied by political compulsions, it set a precedent for radical legal reform in the PRC, and for possible de-Maoification.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-2\" class=\"element element-image img--portrait element--supporting  fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-media-id=\"67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\" data-component=\"image\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><!-- [if IE 9]><video>< ![endif]--><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=380&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=dc9424233e16536dd916f37124bacc26 760w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=380&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=2ad2cb680c9878f9c68d6ca91eaffbbd 380w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"380px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=300&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=a17d8d447b843bd5b101db112b31cb31 600w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=300&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=17ca2b48b14c363439f097dd5f86a88c 300w\" media=\"(min-width: 980px)\" sizes=\"300px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=e0b0ba5d0a5c2f852ed1fc73d370465f 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=4c35c8281bec7797260b147ea4d90f1d 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=c14fe9c4c3112031f7060bb6e49efecf 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=8d0a31d30336bb30eea966e098c5fe02 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=fedad66dae82a8e0d79f44ec3d6a6edf 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=8e13f87b9144a1e97f8d599ea78e48d6 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><!-- [if IE 9]><\/video>< ![endif]--> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/67773455dc659d0dcb364806c2f64977d142ac67\/0_0_2372_3000\/master\/2372.jpg?w=380&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=dc9424233e16536dd916f37124bacc26\" alt=\"Mao\u2019s widow, Jiang Qing, is tried in 1980.\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article  hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\">\u00a0Mao\u2019s widow, Jiang Qing, is tried in 1980. Photograph: AFP<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>During the last decade of Mao\u2019s life, his words \u2013 or his words as interpreted by the ambitious political operators around him \u2013 reigned supreme. \u201cDepend on the rule of man,\u201d he exhorted, \u201cnot the rule of law.\u201d The vendettas of 1966-76 generated countless personal tragedies and injustices \u2013 individuals persecuted, imprisoned and killed for alleged political crimes. When Deng Xiaoping \u2013 purged twice during the Cultural Revolution \u2013 manoeuvred himself into the party leadership in 1978, he was faced with a crisis of political and legal legitimacy. How was he to justify jettisoning Mao\u2019s Cultural Revolution (the excesses of which had generated such widespread suffering) while asserting his and the CCP\u2019s entitlement to rule as the heirs of Mao?<\/p>\n<p>At the end of the 1970s, a fierce debate about de-Maoification took place in the upper levels of the party, dominated by individuals who had suffered during Mao\u2019s purges. Deng eventually decided not to repudiate Mao \u2013 the Great Helmsman was too crucial to the prestige of the communist revolution. Although the Cultural Revolution was publicly labelled \u201cthe error of a great proletarian revolutionary\u201d, Mao\u2019s portrait and embalmed corpse would stay in Tiananmen Square; his <a class=\"u-underline\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maoism\" data-link-name=\"in body link\"><span style=\"color: #005689;\">Thought<\/span><\/a> would remain one of the \u201cfour cardinal principles\u201d of Communist party rule.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, Deng and his lieutenants reached for legal means to smooth the transition. They resolved to reconstruct the PRC\u2019s ruined legal system and stage a public trial that would blame the cataclysms of the preceding decade almost entirely on the Gang of Four, Mao\u2019s closest allies during the Cultural Revolution: his wife, Jiang Qing, the two writers Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, and the labour activist Wang Hongwen. The prosecution, Deng hoped, would shore up the domestic and international reputation of the new communist leadership by proving its commitment to a professional, rational, evidence-based legal culture, and ending the mob violence of the Mao era.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"element element-pullquote element--supporting\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"pullquote-paragraph\">Jiang Qing defiantly turned the accusations back on the judges, reminding them that they too had persecuted victims<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/aside>\n<p>The undertaking, Cook relates, became a national spectacle. Courts had to be reopened, lawyers and judges rehabilitated, legal codes written for the first time. The address of the court building was edited so that the trial would take place at \u201cNo 1 Justice Road\u201d; the interior of the chamber was upholstered in stately crimson velvet. Through the closing weeks of 1980, Chinese people gathered nightly around television sets to watch digested coverage of proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>The trial did not succeed in creating a transparent, independent judiciary. The very premise of it was irrational: to blame four individuals for mass violence and persecution in which tens of millions participated. In the absence of an adversarial defence, the verdict was preordained: after four weeks of closed-door deliberation, the judges pronounced an inevitable guilty verdict. This ruling, followed by a party resolution a few months later, officially closed the public debate on responsibility for the Cultural Revolution. Although hundreds of thousands of its victims were rehabilitated after Mao\u2019s death, most of the crimes committed between 1966 and 1976 escaped prosecution.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"img-3\" class=\"element element-image img--landscape element--showcase  fig--narrow-caption fig--has-shares \" data-media-id=\"6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\" data-component=\"image\">\n<div class=\"u-responsive-ratio\"><picture><!-- [if IE 9]><video>< ![endif]--><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=860&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=6e08ebb9920c8934e9039ce14a0be79f 1720w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1300px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"860px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=860&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=c96709aef5d259f230e0cf935f2fc1d6 860w\" media=\"(min-width: 1300px)\" sizes=\"860px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=780&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=f45e30add039c004c44da4f6e84859ed 1560w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 1140px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"780px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=780&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=227dec81eb94cd071e0159ae763404e2 780w\" media=\"(min-width: 1140px)\" sizes=\"780px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=620&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=2700f8bb0704b621e8f6332febfefe23 1240w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=75993a1a8dd26bee711b7d4cbf46c6f5 620w\" media=\"(min-width: 660px)\" sizes=\"620px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=605&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=48fb021c75ac2486a380fe55da3b294a 1210w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=605&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=0f18fd5f3cc111aef276bb40fa5d83a6 605w\" media=\"(min-width: 480px)\" sizes=\"605px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=445&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=f47a0a03ac895f30a1a702faf2780177 890w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=445&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=017805a4667f7ee63fd20902638ae298 445w\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" sizes=\"445px\" \/><!-- [if IE 9]><\/video>< ![endif]--> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"gu-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i.guim.co.uk\/img\/media\/6d01519900f2efbbad7981bc69072f1b850bfb47\/0_0_4096_2823\/master\/4096.jpg?w=860&amp;q=20&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;dpr=2&amp;s=6e08ebb9920c8934e9039ce14a0be79f\" alt=\"A four-metre tall statue of Mao Zedong beside farmland in Shaoshan, Hunan province, in 2016.\" \/><\/picture><\/div>\n<div class=\"block-share block-share--article  hide-on-mobile \" data-link-name=\"block share\">\u00a0A four-metre tall statue of Mao Zedong beside farmland in Shaoshan, Hunan province, in 2016. Photograph: How Hwee Young\/EPA<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Yet the trial\u2019s red velvet stage set exposed intriguing faultlines in a political system struggling to break with revolutionary politics. The best theatre came from Jiang Qing, a former movie actor, who loudly protested the unfairness of criminalising her now when only four years previously her actions had been fully sanctioned by Mao, the unquestioned head of state. \u201cEverything I did, Mao told me to do. I was his dog; what he said to bite, I bit.\u201d She defiantly turned the accusations back on the judges, reminding them that they had persecuted victims of the purges as fervently as she had. \u201cIf I am guilty, how about you all?\u201d Temporarily forgetting their brief to maintain legal decorum, the flustered judges chorused back at her: \u201cShut up, Jiang Qing! Shut up!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>There is still much we do not know about the shift from Mao to Deng. The details of this singularly sensitive transition \u2013 the arguments for and against de-Maoification \u2013 will only become public if the CCP itself falls from power. But the questions and dilemmas this process raised \u2013 the struggle to establish legal authority independent of a one-party dictatorship determined to suppress challenges from civil society, and to come to terms with the legacy of Mao and his revolution \u2013 still haunt China today. <em><span style=\"font-family: Thread-000025c8-Id-000000ba;\">The Cultural Revolution on Trial<\/span><\/em> reminds us of the historical possibilities of legal reform and the long shadow of Maoism over Chinese law. It is a timely, thought-provoking account of a foundational episode in the history of contemporary China.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2017\/mar\/04\/the-cultural-revolution-on-trial-alexander-cook-review-gang-of-four-china-mao\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2017\/mar\/04\/the-cultural-revolution-on-trial-alexander-cook-review-gang-of-four-china-mao<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"contributions__paragraph contributions__paragraph--epic\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China\u2019s civil society has suffered badly &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/julia-lovell-the-cultural-revolution-on-trial-by-alexander-cook-review-a-sensational-moment-in-chinese-history\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[107,1669],"tags":[2032,371,2034,2033],"views":5338,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8178"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8178"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8180,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8178\/revisions\/8180"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8179"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinesepen.org\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}