Who killed the newspaper?
Aug 24th 2006
From The Economist print edition
The most useful bit of the media is disappearing. A cause for concern, but not for panic
A GOOD newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself, mused Arthur Miller in 1961. A decade later, two reporters from the Washington Post wrote a series of articles that brought down President Nixon and the status of print journalism soared. At their best, newspapers hold governments and companies to account. They usually set the news agenda for the rest of the media. But in the rich world newspapers are now an endangered species. The business of selling words to readers and selling readers to advertisers, which has sustained their role in society, is falling apart (see article).
Of all the old media, newspapers have the most to lose from the internet. Circulation has been falling in America, western Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand for decades (elsewhere, sales are rising). But in the past few years the web has hastened the decline. In his book The Vanishing Newspaper, Philip Meyer calculates that the first quarter of 2043 will be the moment when newsprint dies in America as the last exhausted reader tosses aside the last crumpled edition. That sort of extrapolation would have produced a harrumph from a Beaverbrook or a Hearst, but even the most cynical news baron could not dismiss the way that ever more young people are getting their news online. Britons aged between 15 and 24 say they spend almost 30% less time reading national newspapers once they start using the web.
Up to a podcast, Lord Copper?
Advertising is following readers out of the door. The rush is almost unseemly, largely because the internet is a seductive medium that supposedly matches buyers with sellers and proves to advertisers that their money is well spent. Classified ads, in particular, are quickly shifting online. Rupert Murdoch, the Beaverbrook of our age, once described them as the industry’s rivers of goldbut, as he said last year, Sometimes rivers dry up. In Switzerland and the Netherlands newspapers have lost half their classified advertising to the internet.
Newspapers have not yet started to shut down in large numbers, but it is only a matter of time. Over the next few decades half the rich world’s general papers may fold. Jobs are already disappearing. According to the Newspaper Association of America, the number of people employed in the industry fell by 18% between 1990 and 2004. Tumbling shares of listed newspaper firms have prompted fury from investors. In 2005 a group of shareholders in Knight Ridder, the owner of several big American dailies, got the firm to sell its papers and thus end a 114-year history. This year Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, attacked the New York Times Company, the most august journalistic institution of all, because its share price had fallen by nearly half in four years.
Having ignored reality for years, newspapers are at last doing something. In order to cut costs, they are already spending less on journaism. Many are also trying to attract younger readers by shifting the mix of their stories towards entertainment, lifestyle and subjects that may seem more relevant to people’s daily lives than international affairs and politics are. They are trying to create new businesses on- and offline. And they are investing in free daily papers, which do not use up any of their meagre editorial resources on uncovering political corruption or corporate fraud. So far, this fit of activity looks unlikely to save many of them. Even if it does, it bodes ill for the public role of the Fourth Estate.
Getting away with murder
In future, as newspapers fade and change, will politicians therefore burgle their opponents’ offices with impunity, and corporate villains whoop as they trample over their victims? Journalism schools and think-tanks, especially in America, are worried about the effect of a crumbling Fourth Estate. Are today’s news organisations up to the task of sustaining the informed citizenry on which democracy depends? asked a recent report about newspapers from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a charitable research foundation.
Nobody should relish the demise of once-great titles. But the decline of newspapers will not be as harmful to society as some fear. Democracy, remember, has already survived the huge television-led decline in circulation since the 1950s. It has survived as readers have shunned papers and papers have shunned what was in stuffier times thought of as serious news. And it will surely survive the decline to come.
That is partly because a few titles that invest in the kind of investigative stories which often benefit society the most are in a good position to survive, as long as their owners do a competent job of adjusting to changing circumstances. Publications like the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal should be able to put up the price of their journalism to compensate for advertising revenues lost to the internetespecially as they cater to a more global readership. As with many industries, it is those in the middleneither highbrow, nor entertainingly populistthat are likeliest to fall by the wayside.
The usefulness of the press goes much wider than investigating abuses or even spreading general news; it lies in holding governments to accounttrying them in the court of public opinion. The internet has expanded this court. Anyone looking for information has never been better equipped. People no longer have to trust a handful of national papers or, worse, their local city paper. News-aggregation sites such as Google News draw together sources from around the world. The website of Britain’s Guardian now has nearly half as many readers in America as it does at home.
In addition, a new force of citizen journalists and bloggers is itching to hold politicians to account. The web has opened the closed world of professional editors and reporters to anyone with a keyboard and an internet connection. Several companies have been chastened by amateur postingsof flames erupting from Dell’s laptops or of cable-TV repairmen asleep on the sofa. Each blogger is capable of bias and slander, but, taken as a group, bloggers offer the searcher after truth boundless material to chew over. Of course, the internet panders to closed minds; but so has much of the press.
P>For hard-news reportingas opposed to commentthe results of net journalism have admittedly been limited. Most bloggers operate from their armchairs, not the frontline, and citizen journalists tend to stick to local matters. But it is still early days. New online models will spring up as papers retreat. One non-profit group, NewAssignment.Net, plans to combine the work of amateurs and professionals to produce investigative stories on the internet. Aptly, $10,000 of cash for the project has come from Craig Newmark, of Craigslist, a group of free classified-advertisement websites that has probably done more than anything to destroy newspapers’ income.
In future, argues Carnegie, some high-quality journalism will also be backed by non-profit organisations. Already, a few respected news organisations sustain themselves that wayincluding the Guardian, the Christian Science Monitor and National Public Radio. An elite group of serious newspapers available everywhere online, independent journalism backed by charities, thousands of fired-up bloggers and well-informed citizen journalists: there is every sign that Arthur Miller’s national conversation will be louder than ever.
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【2006年9月2日狱委讯】

香港市民支持爱国民主运动联合会约二十多名成员今天(9月1日)上午到中共驻香港联络办公室门外示威,要求北京当局立即释放程翔,落实保障新闻自由和公民的基本权利. 上午十一时许,多位支联会常委、立法会议员梁耀忠、张文光和李卓人等约二十名支联会代表在港岛西区警署集合,然后游行至中联办抗议,期间示威代表带着抗议布条、高喊口号到达中联办门外,示威者在门外朗读声明,并将印有程翔图像的纸版放在中联办门外,并将黄丝带绑在铁栏上,然后和平散去。 示威完毕后,李卓人接受记者访问时指责北京当局在不公开、不公平、不公平的「黑箱」制度下,判处程翔间谍罪名成立并判处有期徒刑五年,表示极度失望、不满和强烈抗议,并要求北京当局立即释放程翔. 李卓人批评由拘捕程翔至判刑的整个程序,严重打击香港整个新闻自由. (博讯特约记者 刘泰 图文报道) 附: 支联会9月1日新闻稿 《抗议黑箱审判!立即释放程翔!》 香港市民支持爱国民主运动联合会对中国政府和司法当局在不公开、不公平、不公正的「黑箱」制度下,判处新闻工作者程翔间谍罪名成立并判处有期徒刑5年,表示极度失望、不满和强烈抗议!支联会要求中国当局立即释放程翔,并落实保障新闻自由和公民的基本权利! 香港资深传媒人、新加坡《海峡时报》记者程翔自去年4月22日被指为台湾做间谍扣查,至今已经超过16个月,案件引起香港社会以至国际的关注。程翔被扣期间一直不获与外界联络,而所谓法院审讯又以涉及国家机密为借口在毫不公开的方式下进行,令外界不能不质疑处理程翔案是既不公平、亦不公正的「黑箱作业」;同时,在缺乏公开审讯、缺乏公开有关证据、缺乏对涉案犯罪嫌疑人基本权利的保障等情况下,为程翔强加「间谍帽子」,更判处5年徒刑,再次突显中国内地法治极不健全,以及中国当局透过司法程序进行政治迫害的赤裸裸事实。 正如不少新闻团体(如香港记者协会)所指出,中国内地所谓国家机密,缺乏客观公开的定义,可说是「地雷处处」,令即使是资深的新闻工作者也感到无所适从;今次程翔一案,再次暴露出内地有关国家机密法例存在不少问题。因此支联会强烈要求中国政府必须全面修改有关法例,让人民(特别是新闻工仍者)清晰了解何谓国家机密,以免再出现类似今次程翔的冤案。 支联会重申,在目前缺乏清晰法律规定、缺乏证据与事实根据、缺乏公开公平公正的司法程序的情况下,中国当局必须立即释放程翔,让他回复自由及与家人团聚,还程翔一个公道。 抗议黑箱审判!立即释放程翔! 还我程翔!还我新闻自由!

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【2006年9月2日狱委讯】今天上午9点12分,河北沧州法院刑事一庭电话通知赵长芹:喊律师马上来,要开庭了。其后,赵长芹再次前往沧州法院刑事一庭,该庭工作人员李燕芹告诉她:郭起真案将于9月12日开庭。同时,知情人还告诉我们,当地公安每天都上网搜索郭起真的消息。
检察官刘秀珍态度最恶劣
郭起真夫人赵长芹介绍了上述情况后说:我每周都去检察院了解情况,沧州检察院负责郭起真案件的检察官刘秀珍态度最恶劣,她不准门卫打电话通知里面,就是不让我进去了解情况。她还骗我说:案件一直在公安局。
赵长芹还说:法官告诉我,你说郭起真因为反腐败遭到报复,现在不能提,我们这次搞的是郭起真骂共产党,攻击胡锦涛,想推翻共产党。
由独立中文笔会资助的李建强律师对笔者说:我下周一去沧州看守所会见郭起真,然后准备辩护。
忧心忡忡 公安上网搜索[变天帐]
2006年5月12日上午,沧州市新华区政法委阎亚明曾扬言要对郭起真判刑三年到五年,下午就立竿见影,国安采取了撬门藏菜刀的方式,黑夜铐走郭起真。
有趣的是,尽管沧州当局装出一副雄壮的架势,群情激昂地要把反腐败维权人士郭起真推入监狱。然而,不知出于何种缘故,他们很关心网络舆论。
据知情人提供的准确消息:沧州公安等司法人员每天都在上网搜索阅读郭起真的所有消息。
看来,网络舆论监督正在震慑着各级“犯罪分子”,他们忧心忡忡地担心记录在案,担心郭起真的今天就是他们的明天。
记者无国界称:人权活动家郭起真
郭起真是中国第一代网络民主斗士,曾经在上世纪前往成都天网寻人事务所做义工,和撰写89死难者周国聪索赔案《11年来,孩子依旧半睁着双眼看着世界、看着我们、看着他们》的志愿者曾全福以及郑会路(大嘴老歪)等不少志士一道,为无数冤民上网呐喊呼吁见[旧版走向论坛]。
2006年5月12日,郭起真因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被新华区公安分局刑事拘留,并于2006年5月25日移送沧州市公安局立案侦察,同日被沧州市公安局刑事拘留。
其后,记者无国界于2006年6月3日发表公开声明呼吁释放“人权活动家郭起真”,还多次致电天网,了解郭起真情况并提供3000元帮助郭起真家属。
6月13日,最近入狱的天网义工邓永亮和民运前辈任畹町等数十人公开呼吁[谴责政治迫害 请为郭起真伸出温暖的手];独立中文笔会还派李建强律师为郭起真辩护;国内外不少朋友也在设法排除干扰给赵长芹捐款,帮助他们渡过难关。
不难看出,由于郭起真专门揭露河北沧州政府官员的的腐败行为、为老百姓维权,当地腐败官员是注定要把他搞进监狱的,当然,他们找了个由胡温政权买单的借口:涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权。
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【2006年9月2日狱委讯】记者无国界/中国 一网络异议人士被拘留第三周,另一名面临颠覆罪审判
“记者无国界”今日呼吁释放因前往沂南旁听持不同政见者陈光诚庭审而于8月18日在山东沂南被捕的网络异议人士和民主活动家邓永亮。
同时呼吁释放将以颠覆国家政权罪于9月12日开庭审判的湖北沧州网络异议人士郭起真。
“上述二人只是行使了中国宪法所赋予他们的自由言论的权利,”记者无国界说,这种屡屡用以压制网络异议人士的所谓的”颠覆罪”是一种变异的法律。
邓永亮经常为博讯网站(http://www.boxun.com/) 写文章并在六四天网( http://www.64tianwang.com/)主持一个论坛,六四天网说邓计划就陈光诚庭审写一篇现场报道。陈是一个盲人,因为批评计划生育政策实施中的职权滥用而被判狱4年3个月。
邓永亮8月18日被软禁在沂南一家宾馆,然后转送陕西西安,现在碑林公安局手中,迄今羁押已进入第三周。其妻朱玉玲说当局不让她见他丈夫,但告诉她不用担心,邓永亮很好,还叫她不需要再去找他们。
另一异议人士郭起真因为向海外网站投发批评政府腐败的文章而遭迫害。郭的被捕还因他参与了一个抗议侵犯人权的接力绝食活动。郭被捕的5月12日是郭绝食日的前夜。
记者无国界授权六四天网翻译,请以法、英文版本为准.
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备受瞩目的上海市社保基金案正在继续查处之中。8月29日,中共上海宝山区委召开领导干部会议,宣读中共上海市委通知,区委常委、副区长斯福民被任命为宝山区委副书记,并作为宝山区区长候选人,主持区政府工作;免去秦裕的中共宝山区委副书记、常委、委员职务,其行政职务的免除将按有关法律规定办理。
所谓“按有关法律规定办理”,是指按照法律规定,免去秦裕的宝山区人民政府区长职务这道手续,要由宝山区人民代表大会来履行。秦裕身兼党政职务,区委副书记、常委、委员职务可以由党组织直接任免,但作为行政职务的区长只能由区人大任免,这是没有疑义的。
今年7月6日,秦裕从上海市委办公厅副主任、市政府办公厅副主任的职位上调任宝山区委副书记,一周后就任宝山区代理区长。同样是按照法律规定,7月25日,宝山区五届人大五次会议补选秦裕为宝山区区长,这一天,离8月24日下午上海委员官员证实“宝山区委副书记、区长秦裕涉嫌严重违纪,正在接受调查”,刚好一个月时间。
宝山区人民政府区长不是一个普通的行政职位,其任免需要经过宝山区的地方国家权力机关——区人大代表大会。秦裕现在已被查出涉及上海社保基金案,已经不适合继续担任宝山区区长,宝山区人大大约会很快履行手续将其罢免。但是,更重要的问题是,一个月前,宝山区人大又是怎样将秦裕选举为区长的呢?尽管当时区人大并不知道秦裕与社保基金“有染”,不知道他是一个问题官员,但是,除了他的一纸简历——1981年进入华东师范大学政教系哲学专业,后获博士学位,2002年2月任上海市政府市长秘书,同年11月任上海市委办公厅副主任、市政府办公厅副主任——之外,宝山区人大对他的素质、才能等综合情况又知道多少呢?将一个20天前刚从市委市政府“空降”过来、“底细”并不为人熟知的官员选举为区长,现在,这个区长刚刚为人民服务了一个月,区人大又要将其罢免,早知今日,何必当初,秦裕是如何轻而易举地当选为区长的呢?谁又能保证如此选举是足够慎重和成熟的呢?
秦裕因严重违纪只当了一个月的“短命区长”,区人大是什么方式选举他,现在就得以什么方式罢免,请神容易,送神也容易。与秦裕不同,有一些“短命区长”、“短命市长”并非由于本人出了问题,而是由于工作需要另有任用,于是,当初行礼如仪选举他为区长、市长的区人大、市人大,现在又行礼如仪将他免职,同时像当初选举他那样又选举新的区长、市长,而且即便这个新区长、市长个人不出问题,也不能保证他一定能干满法定任期而不被中途换将。一个经人大选举产生的区长、市长就这样一调了之,你可以说他被免职的程序未免不够严肃,但谁又能说,这个可以一调了之的区长、市长的被选举程序就一定是很严肃呢?在被选举的程序上,他们与秦裕并无根本的不同。
被宝山区人大选举为区长的秦裕现在出事了,似乎未见有人要追究人大选举失察之责任。虽然,这里面有种种“可以理解”的因素,但是,我还是忍不住想追问:谁能够对当初人大的选举负责呢?