Acclaimed Australian novelist, short story writer and screenwriter, Frank Moorhouse is boycotting a major writers’ tour of China in protest against the recent gaoling of the Chinese writer Liu Xiaobo.
The internationally renowned Chinese writer was gaoled for 11 years on Christmas Day 2009 for “subverting State power.”
Moorhouse, a winner of the Social Equity Walkley Award for Excellence in Journalism, has written an open letter to the Australian Ambassador to China, Dr Geoff Raby, expressing his reasons for withdrawing from the March tour. (Full statement attached).
“Because I have been vocal about freedom of expression in my own country and have been recognised for it, it would be unseemly of me to go to China and to remain silent,” he said in the letter.
“I feel that I have an unusual demand on my conscience, and have special reasons to act.”
Moorhouse, the winner of the Miles Franklin Award (Dark Palace, 2000), The Age Book of the Year Award and the Australian Literature Society’s Gold Medal (Forty-Seventeen, 1988), said the trip would have been an important one for Australian writers.
“It would have given us an opportunity to read our work, speak, and visit universities during ‘Australian Writers’ Weeks’ in the cities of Beijing and Chengdu. It also included participation in the international writers’ festivals in Hong Kong and Shanghai,” he said.
Moorhouse said he made his act of withdrawal as an individual writer, as a member of Sydney PEN’s distinguished Writers Panel and as a recipient in 2008 of the PEN Keneally Award for his defence of freedom of expression in the essay “A Writer in a Time of Terror”.
“In the essay, and elsewhere, I argued wide freedom of expression is increasingly accepted as both possible within the safe order of a society and basic to the intellectual and aesthetic development of the individual and of the society and to punish people for their opinions is unjust,” he said in his letter to Dr Raby.
“I discussed the possibility of going ahead with the visit and while in China using the PEN tactic of the ‘empty chair’ on stage at the events I would’ve participated in. The empty chair symbolises a writer in gaol and the organisers of the session at a festival explains the purpose of the chair and sometimes names a writer who it signifies.
“ My advice from International PEN’s Asian specialists and from DFAT was this tactic could breach Chinese law and, because of the unpredictability of the Chinese legal system, the outcome for me, for my fellow writers, and for the organisers of the event could be serious and endanger further visits to China by those involved.”
Sydney PEN and International PEN have joined the Australian Government, the European Union, the American Government, the United Nations and hundreds of international writers protesting Liu’s Xiaobo’s persecution.
PEN has installed an empty chair in the University of Technology, Sydney, to raise awareness of the harsh treatment of the Chinese writer after his imprisonment.
The Australian Embassy has frequently raised Liu’s case and one of its first secretaries, together with a small number of other foreign embassy officials, attempted to observe his trial, but was refused access to the court.
Moorhouse said his withdrawal from the tour would be communicated on the Chinese civil rights grapevine to those writers in prison.
PEN supports Moorhouse’s decision. It has also stated its support for those Australian writers who have decided to engage with China by deciding to undertake the tour.
“Individual writers must consider what is the best course of action for them, and that engagement can be a fruitful approach for writers visiting countries such as China that have troubled histories of free expression,” said the President of Sydney PEN, Dr Bonny Cassidy.
For further information:
Dr Bonny Cassidy
0417 252 004
[email protected] Judy Goldman, Mediaways, 0402 277226
www.pen.org.au
Frank Moorhouse is a novelist, short story writer [insert and] screenwriter. He has won the Miles Franklin Award (Dark Palace, 2000), The Age Book of the Year Award and the Australian Literature Society’s Gold Medal (Forty-Seventeen, 1988). Moorhouse is a member of the Sydney PEN Centre’s Writers Panel. His essay, “The writer in a time of terror”, published in Griffith Review 14 (2007), won the Alfred Deakin Prize for an Essay Advancing Public Debate in the Victorian Premier’s Literary Awards as well as the award for Social Equity Journalism in The Walkley Awards for Excellence in Journalism.
FRANK MOORHOUSE LETTER OF WITHDRAWAL FROM CHINA WRITERS TOUR 2010
I was invited by the Australian Ambassador to China Dr Geoff Raby to join a group of writers to participate in a writers tour of China this March.
The trip would give us opportunities to read our work, speak, and visit universities during Australian Writers Weeks in the cities of Beijing and Chengdu and would also include participation in the international writers festivals in Hong Kong and Shanghai. The tour has been funded by DFAT and by private sponsors.
Having at first accepted I have now chosen to withdraw following the gaoling on Christmas Day 2009 of the Chinese writer Liu Xiaobo for eleven years and the disappearance around this time of Liu Di a supporter of Liu Xiaobo which confirms that the Chinese government, against international expectations, is not moving in the direction of freedom of expression as expressed in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
This seems also to be confirmed by the extension of political censorship of internet search engines and political interference with email in China.
Sydney PEN and International PEN have joined the Australian government, the European Union, the American government, the UN and hundreds of international writer protesting Liu’s Xiaobos persecution. The Australian Embassy has frequently raised Liu’s case and one of its first secretaries, together with a small number of other foreign embassy officials, attempted to observe his trial but were refused access to the court.
I make this act of withdrawal as an individual writer, but also as a member of PENs distinguished Writers Panel and as a recipient in 2008 of the PEN Keneally Award for my defence of freedom of expression in my essay A Writer in a Time of Terror in the Griffith Review, which also received the Alfred Deakin Award for best essay contributing to public debate and for which I was presented with a Walkley Award. In the essay, and elsewhere, I argued that wide freedom of expression is increasingly accepted as both possible within the safe order of a society and basic to the intellectual and aesthetic development of the individual and of the society and to punish people for their opinions is unjust.
I discussed the possibility of my going ahead with the visit and while in China using the PEN tactic of the empty chair on stage at the events in which I wouldve participated in China. The empty chair symbolises a writer in gaol and the organisers of the session at a festival explains the purpose of the chair and sometimes names a writer who it signifies. My advice from International PEN’s Asia specialists and from DFAT was that this tactic could breach Chinese law and, because of the unpredictability of the Chinese legal system, the outcome for me, for my fellow writers, and for the organisers of the event could be serious and endanger further visits to China by those involved.
I have not argued for a boycott of the tour by my fellow writers. Writers sometimes accept invitations to go into places where governments infringe baic freedoms. They do so for diverse motives: to investigate or to passively observe so as to incorporate their experiences into their future writing; sometimes they remain neutral or silent so as to further their understanding of these societies; and sometimes these visits can be justified as soft diplomacy as a way of representing liberal values in illiberal countries through informal conversations and by the work they choose to read publicly while in that country. Sometimes, just being a writer is sufficient justification.
Because I have been vocal about freedom of expression in my own country and have been recognised for it, it would be unseemly of me to go to China and to remain silent. I feel that I have an unusual demand on my conscience, and have special reasons to act.
It was confirmed to me by International PEN that my endorsing of PENs protest by withdrawing from the tour would be communicated on the Chinese civil rights grapevine to those writers in prison.
To this end, I have asked PEN here in Australia and International PEN to make my position known.
Frank Moorhouse
GPO BOX 4430Sydney 2001Australia0415 937 616
His Excellency Hu Jintao
President of the People’s Republic of China
Zhongnanhai, Xichengqu,
Beijing
Peoples Republic of China
OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
January 15, 2010
Your Excellency,
The European Association for Chinese Studies represents more than 800 scholars from 36 countries, mostly in Europe, who dedicate their efforts to the understanding and promotion of China, its ancient culture, as well as its recent spectacular transformation and rise on the global scene. As sinologists we are particularly happy about the contacts we have established with scholars and scholarly institutions in China since the beginning of the policy of reform and opening up. Cooperation and academic exchange between specialists in Europe and China brings out new results in our work and also helps the promotion of Chinese culture in Europe in general.
Given all these positive developments in China in recent years, we are disappointed and saddened by the trial of Liu Xiaobo, who on December 25, 2009 was sentenced by No. 1 Intermediate Peoples Court in Beijing to 11 years in prison on charges of agitation activities aimed at subversion of the government. Dr. Liu Xiaobo, former Beijing Normal University lecturer, is a well-known scholar in the field of Chinese literature and philosophy, and a renowned writer. His main crime was the active part he took in drafting and disseminating Charter 08, a document made public more than one year ago, in December 2008.
After careful scrutiny of the full text of Charter 08, we are convinced this document does not call for subversion, but for a discussion about political and social reforms indispensable for harmonization between the dazzling economic growth and modernization in China and those features in the administration and legal system which create unhealthy developments in Chinese society. If the problems and suggestions for their solution as they are outlined in Charter 08 are criminalized instead of discussed, they could in a long run impede the healthy development of the country.
In our view, Charter 08 aims at continuing the policies of reform and opening up, policies of modernization and improvement of life for all Chinese people, and as such it deserves to be studied and discussed in the spirit of seeking truth from facts. One of the things Charter 08 says is we should end the practice of viewing words as crimes. This reminds us of the ancient Chinese wisdom recorded from earlier sources by the great historian and humanist
Sima Qian: To block peoples mouth is worse than blocking a river.
We urge you, your Excellency, to reconsider the official position of the highest leadership of the Peoples Republic of China in this matter, and to use all your authority to ensure that Liu Xiaobos case will be reconsidered and he will be released. We rely on your genuine concern for the future glory of your country and the Chinese people, and strongly believe that our plea will not fall upon a deaf ear.
Brunhild Staiger (President, EACS)
为什么“软实力”一词在中国悄然走红?
“软实力”本来是西方学者提出的一个概念。1990年,美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫。奈撰文讨论“Soft Power”(软实力),他把这个新创的概念定义为“一个国家造就一种情势、使其他国家仿效该国倾向并界定其利益的能力;这一权力往往来自文化和意识形态吸引力、国际机制的规则和制度等资源。”后来他又将“软实力”更简练地概括为“通过吸引而非强制或者利诱的方式改变他方的行为,从而使己方得偿所愿的能力”。[1]
显然,“软实力”是相对于军事、工业之类国家的“硬实力”而言的。这个概念传到中国后,在学界引起了各种不同的反应。前不久武汉大学主办“2009中国文化哲学论坛:国家文化软实力建设学术研讨会”,包括我的一些同事在内的体制内学者60余人参与了“研讨”。不用说,典型的官方御用学者会很自然地把约瑟夫。奈的此类理论视为“西方加紧推行文化软实力战略”的表现。“文化软实力是来自西方的霸权话语”,一些学者如是说,“我们应从文化软实力提出的世界背景中对这一概念进行前提性反思。当代人类社会所形成的世界历史体系仍是资本主义体系,在这个体系内意识形态问题并没有淡出。反思中国30年的改革开放,我们在文化软实力研究方面存在着许多缺失,主要表现在我们没有构建起属于自己的意识形态话语权。”还有学者表示:我们要摆脱对西方文化“标签”的依赖,创建属于我们民族自己的理论形式和文化定义权,将文化软实力的资源转化为“文化软实力”。等等。[2]
应该指出,这些意见绝不仅仅是某些学者个人的“学术观点”,而是从一个侧面反映了当政者的现实政治意图。全国政协外事委员会主任、国务院新闻办前主任赵启正不久前在参加另一个有关“软实力”的“国际研讨会”时就表示,中国推行软实力的目标乃是为了改善其被西方媒体过分“妖魔化”的国际形象。由于西方媒体往往把中国描绘成一个非民主国家——既没有出版自由,也没有宗教自由,中国的崛起也被许多人认为是一个威胁,“这种情况就要求中国积极主动地建立公共外交政策,提高中国的国际形象”。赵解释了中国提升软实力的意图:“中国在国际社会中话语权的分量将会越来越重。但我们并不想被当成是又一个超级大国。我们只是希望被平等地对待,希望国际媒体不要不公正地看待中国和中国人民。我真心希望,国际媒体对于中国的报道和中国的实际情况能够越来越吻合,而我们的任务就是向世界说明中国。”[3]
话到这里,我们这些中国官员的意思已经表述得十分明白了。他们要向世界展示一个符合“实际情况”的、“未被歪曲”的中国。这需要借助“软实力”来达到上述目标。当然,毕竟是在国际交往的公开场合,赵主任的话讲的比较委婉、客气。而前引各位学者的语言则要直率得多,火药味也浓得多:发展、提升中国的软实力被直接赋予对抗“西方霸权话语”和“资本主义”之“意识形态”的使命。
难怪“软实力”一词近年来在中国悄然走红,甚至写进了执政党第十七次代表大会的政治报告。“软实力”已经被视为“综合国力”的一部分,必须“大发展”、“大繁荣”,并且尽快“走向世界”。
然而,我们要问:以“介绍真实中国”、对抗“西方霸权话语”为己任的“软实力”真的经得住推敲么?
真实的“软实力”与虚假的“软实力”
“软实力”有两种:“真实的软实力”与“虚假的软实力”。如果我们把“软实力”理解为文化、意识形态、制度规则,那么,只有那些体现人类普世价值和现代文明成果的文化、意识形态和制度规则可以称之为“真实的软实力”,而那些违背人类普世价值和现代文明成果的文化、意识形态和制度规则则是“虚假的软实力”。
当然,“软实力”这个概念有个缺点,那就是它似乎以现实主义的民族国家利益为自明前提,而容易在人类普世价值和民族国家利益之间造成混乱,乃至混淆。[4]专制国家的当政者正是利用这一点,而把虚假的软实力当成堂堂正正的软实力加以鼓吹。
今天的中国正是这样一种情况。
在宪政自由主义者看来,已经延续了60年的中国共产党一党专权体制是一种专制类型的、不合理的政治体制。它受到民主国家大众媒体的批评是再正常不过的事情。赵启正先生说国际媒体“不公正地看待中国和中国人民”,显然是故意混淆视听,因为批评执政党并不等于批评中国,也不等于批评中国人民。这里与“霸权”之类完全无关。我个人接受过多次国际媒体的采访,感到绝大多数外国媒体的朋友对中国是友好的,采访态度是严肃的,即便是报道我们社会中的缺点,也是希望中国进步得更快些。相反,倒是我们的执政者惯于运用敌对思维,来不来就把批评者都当成居心叵测的敌人。
归根结底,是中国的现存政治体制的确自外于世界民主化的大潮流。官方御用学者鼓吹的对抗逻辑就是在这个前提下产生的。
那么,被我们的政府官员、“学者”们大力推崇的、“具有中国特色”的“软实力”都包括哪些内容呢?无非是两大类:一类是与“坚持共产党领导”有关、旨在维护现存体制的意识形态“产品”,不管它表现为似乎越来越个性化、商业化的文学艺术、影视动画产品,还是表现为更具刚性特征的媒体产品或教育产品。比如,2004年以来,中宣部和教育部就在联手搞一个巨大的系统工程,“马克思主义理论研究与建设工程”。作为这个工程的一部分,高等院校的“公共政治课”教材和大学文科专业的主干课程教材都被要求重新编写,以体现“中国化的马克思主义”或“马克思主义的中国化”的“最新成果”。在对外宣传方面,这套东西自然还是核心,但会更加精心地被包装为不同于“西方”的、有“中国特色”的“民主政治”、“和谐社会”,或“大国崛起”之类,它的最终目的则是要构建“属于自己的意识形态话语权”。
另一类则是被官方认可的“传统文化”及其解释。孔夫子不再被批判。这当然是好事。但对传统文化的理性反思也同时被压抑。因为当政者看重的不是现代中国转型与前现代中国文化遗存之间复杂的历史联系,而是古代遗产或古代人物作为文化符号在今天具有的功能,它能证明一个不同于“西方”的文化实体的存在,似乎也间接证明了一个不同于“西方”的政治实体存在的合理性。在这个意义上,中国今天到处都可以看到的沸沸扬扬的“崇古”现象不单是文化的,而且是意识形态的。同样道理也可以解释为什么政府大力支持在海外到处建“孔子学院”。
然而,既然这一切努力的最终目标是为现存一党专权的政治体制涂脂抹粉,是为一个落后的制度提供辩护,这仍然是虚假的软实力,尽管它一定要以民族国家的名义出现,以一个伟大文化的当代传人的面目出现。
专制体制对民族精神创造力的扼杀
那么,在我们这个国家,有没有体现当今人类普世价值、又真正代表中华民族发展未来的“软实力”?有的。那就是我们那些继承了民族最优秀的文化传统、又深得当代文明精髓的独立知识分子,以及数量更多的、勇敢地为国家的未来承担责任的普通公民的思想贡献、知识贡献和行动贡献。他们才是这个民族的真正财富,是这个民族发展的力量源泉。
在现存体制下,专制者对上述国家真正“软实力”的扼杀,几乎是必然的,因为专制者乃以“党”的标准为标准,以“党”的是非为是非,而这个党最可怕的地方,是听不得任何批评意见,哪怕这种批评是充满善意的。当我们的公民提出不同于执政党意识形态的理论主张,或对党的政策有所批评,或仅仅是指出社会的某些负面事实从而不利于“党的形象”、“国家形象”时,打压之举往往不请自来,顷刻而至。
应该指出的是,此类打压,不但会破坏我们这个民族真正的软实力、创造力,甚至也有损于官方自己的形象及其刻意雕琢的“软实力”。这里,不妨讲两件事,它们均发生在德国法兰克福。一件是去年在法兰克福召开的“批判理论在中国”学术研讨会。大约有20余位中国大陆学者受邀出席了这次会议,包括笔者本人。但我参加这个会更多感到的是慨叹,而不是兴奋。从德国返回后笔者特意写了一篇短文“令人慨叹的法兰克福之行”,记录了当时的心理感受:大部分中国学者提供的“论文”很少或基本上不涉及中国现实问题,似乎这么多中国顶级大学、顶级研究机构的学者跑到德国去就是为了向德国同行汇报自己翻译了多少法兰克福学派的书、写过多少篇评论文章、出了多少本研究德国批判理论的“专著”,等等。我们缺少中国人运用批判精神、研究自己的本土问题的“干货”,缺少足以令外国同行侧目、让外国同行感到有所获的中国学者硬邦邦的“作品”。在这个意义上,这种所谓“学术交流”对中国学者而言是失衡的,甚至是丢脸的!当然,这里丢的,还只是中国学术之脸。更有丢政府之脸、“国家”之脸的,那就是前不久同样在法兰克福发生的国际书展风波:为了“抗议”德国主办方邀请几位中国异议人士出席国际书展的研讨活动,代表中国“政府立场”的一大群所谓“学者”和前官员竟然在自己的同胞上台发言时集体退场!至于中国参展方如何在这几个异议人士参会问题上向德国主办方施加压力、德国方面又如何屈服于这种压力而闹出种种丑闻,德国传媒已经做了充分的报道,这里不必细述。我想说的只是:一个挖空心思试图对外展示“大国形象”的政府,为什么竟然容不得自己的公民?他(或她)不就是发表过几首诗、几篇文章,对现实表示不满、或对政府有些微词吗?一个泱泱大国的政府,公民批评你几句,难道不是很正常的么?为什么竟然猥琐、小气至此,还奢谈什么“软实力”?!
当然,话说回来,我们理解一些当政者何以如此惧怕公民的批评。这种恐惧症来自六四后执政党对自身合法性的深层焦虑。这种焦虑和内心惶惑已经积存、延续了20年。好在市场原则终于促动了经济的增长,而且是高速增长,中央政府手里也有了钱。本来,这是启动中国政治改革、使中国摆脱极权桎梏的良好时机,如果中国的当政者有足够的勇气和智慧来担当这一历史责任的话。很可惜。他们迄今也没有表现出这样的勇气和智慧,而是相反,在变本加厉地为传统体制输氧,试图延缓这个体制的寿命。这就是官方大力“提升软实力”的基本背景。然而,从根子上说,我们的当政者是缺乏自信的。封锁《零八宪章》、打压公盟和其他民间团体、屏蔽互联网、直到最近发生的法兰克福书展风波,均是缺乏自信的表现。但不自信也就罢了,还一定要对外摆出一副雍容大度的样子,到处去奢谈“和平崛起”和“软实力”,岂不是很荒唐、很无聊的事情么?
“提升软实力”与“中国崛起”的制度前提
作为“体制内”批评现存制度的独立学者,我并非不赞成“提升软实力”与“中国崛起”这样的提法。恰恰相反,独立知识分子所做的一切,都是为了让我们的祖国、我们的同胞真正站起来,在世界上扬眉吐气,与其他国家的公民共享人类文明的最新成果。我相信,其他民间反对派的朋友们会抱有同样的信念。而这就意味着,我们必须继续为中国的言论自由而奋斗,为维护每一个中国公民的基本权利而奋斗,因为千百万普通中国公民的基本政治权利、基本经济权利和基本文化权利的被尊重、被落实和被保障,才是这个国家“软实力”的真正基础。
为什么我在各种场合不遗余力地强调宪政改革?
因为只有宪政改革,解构现有的党专制体制,才能真正解除束缚中国创造性精神产品、文化产品产生的制度约束,建立起符合现代文明原则的制度规范和制度结构,并在这个新的体制框架内,建设未来中国的新文化,新文明,实现对传统文化的理性重估和创造性转换。在最终意义上,这些都将构成未来中国制度与文化“软实力”的重要组成部分。也只有在那时,民主中国的制度与文化才能真正“进入世界”。它不再需要什么刻意的“说明”,而完全可以凭借自身自然的魅力对全球其他地区产生影响甚至“吸引”,成为全球化进程中人类文明花园的一朵奇葩。
专制者及其御用文人的所谓抵御“西方”,对抗“西方”的“霸权话语”,其实是在抵御人类,对抗人类的普世价值,而且习惯于盗用民族国家的名义。宪政自由主义者从来没有低估现代世界的复杂,我个人在过去发表的文章中曾多次指出现存主权国家框架的局限,呼吁建立新的人类文明观。[5]但我们必须清楚地区分开人类普世价值和民族国家利益这两个不同维度。同时还应该看到,这个世界正在发生深刻的变化,人类的共同性原则大有超越、乃至取代主权国家原则之势,尽管这还需要假以时日。
我们的确需要更多的沟通,不仅是中国人与中国人之间的沟通(包括反对派与当权者之间的对话),而且中国的独立思想者应该加强与外部世界的沟通。我这次访问美国,对此就深有感受。须知,恰恰是虚假“软实力”描绘的中国,必然是一个被歪曲的、不真实的中国;中国独立知识分子则有义务向世界介绍一个他们理解的更全面更客观的中国。一方面,他们不像今天的中国当权者,总想去遮蔽什么;另一方面,他们也不像某些外国观察家,为了保持“进入中国”的权利而不得不在一定程度上看中国政府的“脸色”。独立的现代中国人对自己历史(特别是近现代史和当代史)的理解,为世界了解一个更客观、更真实的中国,提供了新的知识选择。我们当然也要尽力克服自己的“主观性”,但我们的优势仍然是明显的:对于正在进行的、伟大的中国政治与社会转型而言,我们既是观察者,又是参与者;能否把观察者的客观性和参与者的体验性同时纳入我们的研究过程,体现在我们的研究结果中,将是对中国独立知识分子和学者的智力考验。但无论如何,我们的心是敞开的,我们没有其他私心杂念在作祟。这是我们可以坦然面对我们的世界听众的根据。
我相信,一个体现人类共有价值、又带有鲜明民族特性的中国新文化才真正具有“软实力”的品性。中国需要的正是这样的“软实力”。让我们为建设、提升这样的“软实力”而努力。
注释:
[1] 参见北京大学中国软实力课题组文章“软实力在中国的实践”第一部分“软实力概念”,那里详细列举了约瑟夫·奈对“软实力”的各种不同界定。(2008年3月5日人民网理论频道)
[2] 见李潇潇、江锡润“文化软实力建设:战略与实证的跨学科研讨”一文的有关记载。(2009年6月30日《中国社会科学报》)
[3] 见Sunny Lee的文章“中国:迎接软实力,打造新形象:记清华大学软实力国际研讨会”,该文刊于Korean Times,清华大学国际传播研究中心网站2009年9月17日上传转载。
[4] 严格地说,“现实主义的民族国家利益”这个概念植根于近现代主权国家框架和社会达尔文主义的国家间行为原则,而“人类普世价值”则导源于二战结束、特别是冷战结束以来文明人类对自由民主理念的普遍认可。它们的并存反映了全球化视野中文明发展的某种内在张力。参见拙作“中国文化战略:概念辨析与制度前提”,载笔者的个人文集《解构与建设》,香港晨钟书局2009年版,页219~222。
[5] 参见拙作“全球治理与民主:兼论中国民族国家战略的价值重构”,载《解构与建设》,页277~288。
(独立中文笔会2010年1月29日讯)澳大利亚作协前主席、悉尼笔会作家团成员、享有盛誉的著名小说家和影视编剧弗兰克·穆尔豪斯(Frank Moorhouse),日前宣布要抵制一个澳洲重要作家的访华之旅,以抗议中国当局最近判决独立中文笔会荣誉会长、著名作家刘晓波。
穆尔豪斯是有澳大利亚“普利策奖”之称的“沃尔克雷奖”(Walkley Award)的2007年“社会平等新闻奖”及一些文学奖得主。悉尼笔会今天发表一份新闻稿,公布了穆尔豪斯给澳大利亚驻华大使芮捷锐博士(Dr. GeoffRaby)的公开信,并说明:
笔会已经在悉尼理工大学设置了一个空椅子,以提升关注中国作家在遭到监禁后的严厉处置。笔会支持穆尔豪斯的决定,并且表示也支持那些已经决定通过参加这次旅行与中国接触的澳大利亚作家。 悉尼笔会会长邦尼·卡西迪博士说:“作家个人必须考虑什么行动对他们最好,并且参与对于作家访问中国一类有言论自由困境历史的国家,可以是一种富有成效的途径。”
穆尔豪斯的公开信全文翻译如下:
我曾被澳大利亚驻华大使芮捷锐博士(Dr. Geoff Raby)邀请,与一群作家一起参加今年3月的作家访华之旅。
这次访问将使我们有机会朗诵自己的作品、演讲,并在北京市和成都市的“澳大利亚文学周”中访问一些大学,还将包括参加香港和上海的国际作家节。这此旅行由外交和贸易部以及私人赞助。
我先接受了邀请,但我现在已经选择退出,因为此前在2009年圣诞节中国作家刘晓波被判监禁11年,以及刘晓波一个支持者刘荻那时也失踪,证实中国政府与国际期待的相反,不是走向联合国《世界人权宣言》所表达的言论自由方向。
这看来也证实于中国将政治审查延伸到互联网搜索引擎,而且政治干预电子邮件。
悉尼笔会和国际笔会已经加入了澳大利亚政府、欧盟、美国政府、联合国和国际数百作家抗议迫害刘晓波。澳大利亚大使馆经常提出刘案,一等秘书与其他少数外国使馆官员一起试图旁听对他的审判,却被拒绝进入法庭。
我做出这一退出行动,既作为个人作家,也作为笔会的杰出作家团成员,作为因我在《格里菲斯评论》上发表《在一个恐怖时代的作家》的论文里维护言论自由而获笔会基尼利奖2008得主,该文并以公众辩论贡献最佳论文获阿尔弗雷德·迪肯奖和沃克利奖。在那篇论文里以及其他地方,我提出,广泛言论自由越来越被接受,既作为在社会安全秩序范围内的可能,也作为个人与社会的智慧和审美发展的基础,因言惩人是为不公。
我曾探讨过这种可能性,我继续去访问,同时我在中国参与的活动中,使用在台上放一个“空椅子”的笔会策略。空椅子象征一位狱中作家,而会议组织者解释椅子的目的,有时名点出它所意味的那个作家的名字。国际笔会的亚洲专家与外交和贸易部的忠告是,这个策略可能违反中国法律,因为中国法律制度不可预测,其结果对我,对我的同胞作家,以及对那个活动的组织者们,都可能是严重的,并可能危及有关人士进一步访问中国。
我没有要我的同胞作家抵制这次访问。作家有时接受邀请去访问那些有政府侵犯基本自由的地方。他们这样做是基于不同动机:调查或被动地观察,以便将他们的经历纳入自己的未来写作;有时他们保持中立或沉默,以便进一步了解这些社会;而且有时这些访问可以正当化为一种合理的软外交方式——通过非正式交谈以及在那个国家公开朗诵他们所选择的作品,代表那些国家中的自由价值观。有时,仅仅作为一名作家就是充足理由。
因为我在自己的国家一直大声疾呼言论自由,并因此得到承认,我去中国而保持沉默将很不体面。我觉得我对自己的良心有不寻常的需求,并有特殊的理由采取行动。
我得到国际笔会的证实,我通过退出这次旅行来拥护国际笔会的抗议,将会在中国民权小道上与那些狱中作家得以沟通。
为此,我已经请这里澳大利亚的笔会和国际笔会使我的立场周知。
悉尼笔会和独立中文笔会属于国际笔会在全世界的145个分会之列。国际笔会致力推进世界各地作家间的友谊和理性合作,为言论自由奋斗,代表世界文学的良知。更多信息请参阅:www.pen.org.au和www.chinesepen.org。
联系人:
悉尼笔会邦尼·卡西迪(Dr. Bonny Cassidy),+61-417 252 004,[email protected]
独立中文笔会张裕,+46-8-50022792, [email protected]