Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia
Burma has the dubious distinction of playing host to the worlds longest-running civil war it began with independence in 1948 and still goes on and its most durable military dictatorship. If not for North Korea, Burma might also claim top honors in two other categories, most isolated and most xenophobic, but it could still win the prize for most misunderstood.
Thant Myint-U
THE RIVER OF LOST FOOTSTEPS
Histories of Burma
By Thant Myint-U
Illustrated. 361 pages. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. $25.
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Geographically remote, politically retrograde, economically backward, Burma, today called Myanmar, struggles on, burdened by one of the largest armies on the planet and desperate for help. In The River of Lost Footsteps, Thant Myint-U offers at least a little understanding, an introduction to a country whose current problems are increasingly known but whose colorful and vibrant history is almost entirely forgotten.
Mr. Thant looks at Burma from an unusual vantage point. His maternal grandfather, U Thant, who served as secretary general of the United Nations in the 1960s, belonged to the first generation of Burmese nationalists who assumed control of the government after the British left in 1948.
Throughout the authors childhood, spent in New York, notable figures from the Burmese anticolonial movement and the military government of General Ne Win paid visits to the family residence. The River of Lost Footsteps is therefore, in it later chapters, a kind of family history, made even more personal in the years after 1988, when the author became involved in the fledgling Burmese democracy movement
Part history, part memoir, part polemic, with a little travelogue thrown in, The River of Lost Footsteps begins at the beginning of all the troubles: the overthrow of the last royal dynasty in 1885, and the absorption of Burma into British-ruled India. Typically, Burma never even counted as a principal actor in the unfolding dream of empire. It was a sideshow, an afterthought, destined by geography to be a footnote to India or China.
Burmas junior status would be a recurrent theme to the present day. To the extent that it was thought about at all, it had the image of an exotic and dreamy backwater, a gentle Buddhist country, lost in time and quietly isolated, hardly the sort of location for a foreign policy crisis, Mr. Thant writes. He refers to the international response to the democracy movement of 1988, but the quotation could be applied to Burmese events at any time over the last several centuries.
The Burmese, of course, have always seen things differently. Mr. Thant, after setting the stage for the takeover by the British, tries to put the Burmese point of view back into the picture by retelling their history, in the hope that it might explain their present predicament. Mr. Thant, who wrote his doctoral dissertation at Cambridge on 19th-century Burmese history, does not tell the back story well.
His narrative is choppy and often hard to follow. It feels dutiful and never really regains momentum until the British re-enter, but several important points do come across. The Burmese, who conquered all of present-day Laos and Thailand in the 16th century, regarded themselves as a great conquering race and their military as a source of national pride.
It was Burmese military hubris that led to the first war between Burma and Britain, from 1824 to 1826, a disaster for the Burmese. National pride made the Raj period doubly humiliating. It was bad enough to endure the slights and the snubs, especially for the educated class that revered British culture and the British political system, but to be nothing more than a minor Indian province was truly upsetting.
U Thant, first Burmese member of the Left Book Club, fervent admirer of the Labor politician Sir Stafford Cripps, makes an ideal symbol for his grandsons sensitive reading of the Raj period. An elite that might have furthered British aims was systematically alienated and insulted.
The British, generalizing from their experience with the Gurkhas of Nepal, recruited their army from the mountainous tribal regions. The Burmese, mighty warriors in their own mind, were dismissed as insufficiently martial childlike and lazy, in fact. It was a policy choice that rankled deeply in the Burmese imagination, eating away at their sense of pride and turning the idea of a Burmese army into a central element of the nationalist dream, Mr. Thant writes.
The closer he draws to the present, the more spirited Mr. Thant becomes. He has an understated, British sense of humor (Ne Win is introduced as playboy, tyrant, numerologist and onetime post office clerk ) and a subversive attraction to strange details that might not necessarily advance his story but most certainly ornament it.
He gives the ingredients for the house cocktail served at the Pegu Club in Rangoon and notes that Rudyard Kipling never got anywhere near Mandalay. One would love to hear more about the mysterious, if irrelevant, Olive Yang, described by Mr. Thant as a bisexual warlady who developed a tough reputation while stillat convent school, where she was rumored to carry a revolver in her handbag. Mr. Thant needs to release his inner Paul Theroux more often.
Burmese independence came, of course, as an afterthought to Indias yet another insult dealt by history. Almost nothing has gone right since. Civil war, the military takeover of the government and a ruinous attempt to create a unique brand of Burmese socialism have brought Burma to its knees.
Mr. Thant eloquently and mournfully recites the dismal history of the last half century and, in analyzing the countrys nascent democracy movement, holds out only the slimmest of hopes for a better future. It will not come through economic and diplomatic sanctions, of that he is convinced. Trade and more engagement, especially more tourism, might let in badly needed light and air. But trying to topple the regime by isolating it would, he argues, be disastrous.
Much more than any part of Burmese society, he writes, the army will weather another 40 years of isolation just fine.